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Sufyan ath-Thawri ibn Said ((アラビア語:سفيان بن سعيد الثوري)) (716–778) was a ''Ṫābi‘ al-Ṫābi‘īn'' Islamic scholar, Hafiz and jurist, founder of the Thawri madhhab.〔Steven C. Judd, “Competitive hagiography in biographies of al-Awzaʿi and Sufyan al-Thawri”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 122:1 (Jan–March, 2002).〕 He was also a hadith compiler, of whom a great number of anecdotes are recorded. ==Biography== Imam Sufyan ath-Thawri was born in Kufa, Iraq, and in his youth supported the Shi'ites against the dying Umayyad caliphate. By 748 he had moved to Basra, "where he met () ibn 'Awn and Ayyub (). He then abandoned his Shi'i view."〔Abu Jafar ibn Jarir al-Tabari, "Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors". Translated as an appendix to his ''History'', v. 39, by Ella Landau-Tasseron (SUNY Press, 1998), 258. Ayyub had died by 748 so Sufyan must have moved prior to then.〕 It is said that the Umayyads offered him high office positions but that he consistently declined.〔Fihrist, 225; Abu Nu`aym, V1. 356-93, VH. 3-144; EI, 1v. 500-2〕 He even refused to give to the Caliphs moral and religious advice and when asked why, he responded "When the sea overflows, who can dam it up?".〔Michael Cook. (2003). ''Forbidding Wrong in Islam: An Introduction''. p. 77. The 'Abbasid rebellion had begun 747 CE, and ended with their victory 750. The coastal metaphor implies a setting in Basra, and besides the Umayyads would hardly have offered a position to a twenty-something Shi'ite.〕 He was also quoted to have said to a friend of his "Beware of the rulers, of drawing close to and associating with them. Do not be deceived by being told that you can drive inequity away. All this is the deceit of the devil, which the wicked qurra' have taken as a ladder (self promotion )."〔Muhammad Qasim Zaman. (1997). ''Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite''. p. 79.〕 Ath-Thawri's jurisprudential thought (''usul al-fiqh''), after his move to Basra, became more closely aligned to that of the Umayyads and of al-Awza'i.〔 He is reported to have regarded the jihad as an obligation only as a defensive war.〔Angeliki E. Laiou, et al. (2001). ''The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World.'' p. 23.〕 Ath-Thawri was one of the 'Eight Ascetics,' who included (usual list) Amir ibn Abd al-Qays, Abu Muslim al-Khawlani, Uways al-Qarani, al-Rabi ibn Khuthaym, al-Aswad ibn Yazid, Masruq ibn al-Ajda', and Hasan al-Basri. He spent the last year of his life hiding after a dispute between him and the caliph al-Mahdi. On his death the Thawri ''madhhab'' was taken up by his students, including Yahya al-Qattan.〔 His school did not survive, but his juridical thought and especially hadith transmission are highly regarded in Islam, and have influenced all the major schools. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sufyan al-Thawri」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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